2012年8月31日 星期五

Lymphoma - Medical and Alternative Treatments


Lywphomas are malignant tumors of the lymph system, the network of nodes and glands that produce infection fighting substances. In the United States, there are about 58,000 new cases each year. The most common general symptom is a painless enlargement of one or more lymph nodes in the neck, groin, or armpit. Additional indications of Hodgkin's disease include a chronic low grade fever and night sweats. Some people with non Hodgkin's lymphoma also develop skin rashes, enlarged tonsils, and abdominal swelling. Although the cause of most lymphomas is unknown, some are strongly linked to viruses. In Africa, Burkitt's lymphoma is associated with the Epstein Barr virus and chromosomal abnormalities. In recent years, the AIDS :HIV) virus has been linked to a type of non Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Diagnostic Studies And Procedures

A doctor who suspects lymphoma will carefully palpate, or feel, all lymph nodes that lie close to the surface of the body. Any suspicious areas will be biopsied, which may entail removal of several lymph nodes. If Hodgkin's disease seems probable, diagnostic procedures may include laparotomy, in which a viewing tube is inserted through a small incision near the navel, allowing a doctor to collect tissue samples from abdominal organs that lymphoma often attacks. Lymphangiography may also be done. In this procedure, a radiopaque dye is injected into the lymph system where it reveals abnormalities under X-ray examination. If non Hodgkin's lymphoma is diagnosed, bone marrow studies and CT scans can detect any spread.

Medical Treatments

Until recently, most lymphomas were invariably fatal. Today, many can be cured, especially when treated early. Hodgkin's disease, for example, often responds to radiation therapy alone. Or the patient may undergo a combination of radiation and chemotherapy and possibly surgery. Hodgkin's disease is now one of the most treatable forms of cancer; 77 percent of patients are still living five years after the diagnosis. For non Hodgkin's lymphoma, radiation therapy is often employed. Chemotherapy may also be used, particularly if the disease has spread. When remission has been achieved, a bone marrow transplant may be tried. This involves destroying the patient's bone marrow with drugs or radiation and replacing it with healthy marrow from a donor. Marrow may also be collected from the patient during a remission, treated to destroy any lingering cancer cells, and then frozen for use later should there be a relapse. Marrow transplants may cure lymphoma, but there is an increased risk of infection due to the use of immunosuppressive drugs that prevent rejection of the donor marrow. New approaches are also being developed to treat lymphoma patients after a relapse. These include the use of highly specific monoclonal antibodies that are directed against lymphoma cells, and improved methods for preserving and transplanting bone marrow.

Alternative Therapies

Acupuncture and Acupressure

These techniques are generally accepted by physicians as an adjunct to medical therapy to ease pain and stress.

Herbal Medicine

Teas or extracts of Siberian ginseng, sarsaparilla, and wild Oregon grape may help minimize the negative side effects of chemotherapy. Chinese herbalists may use ginseng, bupleurum, and the Longan herbal combination to treat manifestations of lymphoma, including anemia, fatigue, and an enlarged spleen. An herbal preparation called Golden Yellow powder is used to counteract skin inflammation caused by radiation therapy.

Hypnotherapy

Hypnosis and self hypnosis are employed to control pain and to impart a positive attitude, which many experts believe facilitates medical treatment. These methods, along with meditation, can also reduce stress.

Nutrition Therapy

Nutritionists recommend foods that may have an anticancer effect. High on the list are those that contain beta carotene, a precursor to the antioxidant vitamin A, which studies suggest may help the body fight off cancer. Foods high in beta carotene include yellow and dark green vegetables, such as carrots and broccoli. Although some nutritionists also advocate supplements of antioxidants, food sources are more effective.

Visualization

This fosters relaxation, which is thought to have a positive effect on the immune system. It may be combined with guided imagery, which involves imagining the body's immune system destroying the cancer cells.

Self Treatment

Self care is directed toward coping with the side effects of treatment. Fatigue is common, so it is important to schedule frequent rest periods.

Other Causes of Lymphoma Symptoms

Enlarged lymph nodes, fever, and other lymphoma symptoms also occur in leukemia, mononucleosis, and AIDS.




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Staging AIDS Complicated With Lymphoma


Diagnosing AIDS-related lymphoma is generally done quite late, after the disease has already advanced. In order to see whether the disease has spread within the lymph system or to other organs, doctors need to perform a procedure called staging that will finally determine the evolution stage of the disease. Knowing all these facts, the doctor can advice the patient what treatment to follow.

One of the tests made to determine the stage of the lymphoma is the CT (computer tomography) an X-ray based machine that will show detailed image of your organs and other related structures to them. You could be advised to take some oral drugs or the doctors will give you an injection that contains some dye, which will help them see a clearer image of your lymph system and bloodstream.

Another test is the PET scan which is designed to find the malign tumors inside your body. The substance used to track the tumors is a radionuclide glucose injected in your vein. This substance will brighten the tumor in the picture because the tumor uses the glucose for its development.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is also useful because it takes detailed pictures of your body, using magnet, radio waves. In this case, the substance used to brighten tumors in the picture is gadolinium.

Other reliable tests are the bone marrow biopsy, made on the hipbone or breastbone, and the lumbar puncture that takes some drops of the cerebrospinal fluid from the spinal column which will be analyzed in the laboratory to see if there are any signs of cancer.

AIDS-related lymphoma stages might include the E and S stages.

The E stage stands for extra-nodal meaning that the cancer has not reached the lymph nodes yet and that it is situated in other organs.

The S stage means that the cancer has reached the spleen and affects it.

Stage I of AIDS-related lymphoma is classified as stage I and stage IE; stage I means that the cancer has affected one group of lymph nodes; stage IE means that the cancer has not reached the lymph nodes yet and affects other organs.

Stage II is classified as stage II (cancer has affected two or more lymph node groups on the same side of the diaphragm) and stage IIE (cancer has affected the lymph nodes near the previous affected organs).

Stage III is divided into stage III, stage IIIE, stage IIIS and stage IIIE+S

Stage III - cancer has affected lymph nodes on the both sides of the diaphragm.

Stage IIIE - besides the lymph node group on the both sides of the diaphragm, cancer is found in other organs too.

Stage IIIS - besides the lymph node group on the both sides of the diaphragm, cancer is found in the spleen too.

Stage IIIE+S - besides the lymph node group on the both sides of the diaphragm, cancer is found in other organs and in the spleen too.

In stage IV the cancer is considered to have attacked multiple organs and associated lymph nodes and also distant lymph node groups.

In AIDS-related lymphoma patients the risk that the cancer will spread towards CNS (central nervous system) is quite high.

In treating the disease, the lymphoma is grouped based on where the cancer started in the organism: if it starts from the lymph nodes is called peripheral lymphoma; if it starts is the CNS is called primary CNS lymphoma.




So, if you want to find out more about non hodgkins lymphoma or even about mantle cell lymphoma please visit this link http://www.lymphoma-center.com





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Lymphoma Pet Symptom Diagnosis in Dogs


When the lymph tissue gets affected, lymphoma is the natural outcome. The health risk is mainly observed in middle aged dogs. The health of the pet can be rescued and made better with the help of tips, suggestions and advice on pet lifestyle online and offline.

Hire professional services:

There are different pet symptoms that can be observed in dogs. Lymph nodes get swollen up to form one of the most visible symptoms of lymphoma in middle aged dogs. The dog will show symptoms of the onslaught and for this timely pet symptom diagnosis becomes necessary to determine the spread of the disease. The chest and the gastrointestinal tract are probably the most commonly affected areas in this health malady. The pet would be suffering from lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract is it displays weight loss, diarrhea, vomiting and lost of appetite.

To treat the pet you will need to hire the services of an expert veterinarian, who will help you in ensuring better pet health. The dog may suffer from lymphoma of the chest if you notice shortness of breath. There are many trigger factors to the onset of this cancer and it further ripples on to many types. A biopsy of the affected organ or lymph can be conducted for diagnosis of Lymphoma. When it comes to prognosis and treatment, determining the stage of the disease becomes very important. Focusing on the diagnosis and treatment is the best option, as you may otherwise never know the cause of the condition and the animal could suffer the consequences.

Blood analysis, bone marrow biopsy, ultrasound and x-rays are some of the tests that are performed. After the manifestation of symptoms, the animals are known to succumb to the condition within 2 months. Modulation of the immune system helps increasing the chances of recovery if the disease is discovered early. The chances of survival increase by 50% if early pet diagnosis is done. Chemotherapy is one of the treatments to cure lymphoma in dogs. Certain side effects like nausea do set in but the dog can be hospitalized if the condition worsens.

Obtain detailed knowledge of various treatment methods:

There are a number of social networking sites for pet lovers from where you can obtain detailed knowledge ways and means of coping with the condition. These sites help with pet health and lifestyle advice, information and updates on the different types of diseases and the treatment options. If you want to find details of an expert veterinarian, you can tap on the potential of pet social networking sites, which provide details of some of the most reputed vets around. It becomes easy to find expert veterinarian options on the websites designed for pets.

Even if you have brought a pet from the pet rescue center, it becomes important to find expert pet advice from different pet social networking sites. If you are not able to train the pet by yourself you will have to hire a professional and these sites also offer help to identify an expert pet trainer.




When the lymph tissue gets damaged by the cancer cells, dog lymphoma occurs. Almost every organ in the pet's body can get affected with dog lymphoma when the onslaught pet symptoms manifest.





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2012年8月30日 星期四

Fundamental Details About Most Cancers Leads to Signs and Symptoms As Well As Therapy


Cancer is one of the most common types diseases nowadays affecting millions of people in the entire world regardless of age gender or race, there are different types of cancer known to affect different parts of the body, it is usually considered a hereditary form of disease that can be passed down a generation of a particular clan or within close family members.

Cancer basically is used to refer to uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in different parts of the body, if this type of uncontrolled abnormal body cell occurs in the breast it will be called breast cancer in the long it will be lung cancer in the prostate region it will be called prostate cancer etc. Cancerous cells are also called as malignant cells.

Normal body cells are known to be the building blocks of the body and usually grow in a particular depending on when the body needs them and then are supposed to die when the body does not need them.Cancer is the opposite of this as it makes this cells to grow in un proportional amount especially so when the body does not need them and they do not die when they are supposed to die.This uncontrolled growth of body cells leading to cancerous cells is known to occur in different organs such as lung colon stomach breasts.

Depending on the type of cancer there are numerous causes of cancer some of which can be able to avoid but some of which are beyond the human ability to escape. Genetic problems is one of the main causes of different forms of cancer such as breast or skin cancer. This is where cancer is transferred to close family members within relatives with this it is usually difficult to avoid but early medication is known to enhance treatment. Exposure to UV rays produced by the sun is known to highly contribute to one getting skin cancer.

Environmental toxins also contribute to other forms of cancer some poisonous mushrooms and certain type of poison that grows in peanuts also contribute ton development of certain form of cancer. Other causes of cancer includes such things as excess body weight commonly known as obesity and other forms of viruses. Excess alcohol intake and habitual cigarette smoking can lead to somebody contracting lung cancer. Benzene and other chemicals are some of the other contributions to cancer.

Cancer is known to contain numerous different forms of symptoms depending in the type of cancer one is facing; it is worth noting that some cancer types usually don't have initial symptoms till in advanced stages so it is usually worth for one to be visiting hospitals for medical checkups. Excess body fatigue is one of the most common symptoms of cancer and common when cancer is on advanced stages, unusual body weight loss should be symptoms that should trigger one to seek medical help as it might be a symptom of a type of cancer. Pain is another symptom of cancer especially to those affect the bone regions as it usually occurs when the cancer spread to body organs.

After test such as MRI scan chest x-ray biopsy of the tumor and bone marrow biopsy to determine if one has been infected by a type of cancer treatment is usually the next step depending on the type of cancer. Treatment is usually based on the extent to which it has grown,if it is in its initial stages then surgery is usually the best option to remove the cancerous cells and usually for skin lung breast and colon forms of cancer. If surgery is not the best form treatment then one may undergo radiation or chemotherapy.Eating of good diets is usually the best treatment in initially avoiding cancer.




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Bone Marrow


Bone marrow is an important part of human life. It is a flexible tissue that is found in the hollow interior of bones. Bone marrow exists in two forms. There are red and yellow. Almost 100 percent of bone marrow at birth falls into the red bone marrow category. Red consists of myeloid tissue, red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells. Yellow consists of fat cells and some white blood cells can develop in yellow bone marrow. Both the red and yellow contain various capillaries and blood vessels.

The red converts itself to yellow over time. The red can be found in flat bones. Flat bones are found in the hip, the breast, the skull, the ribs, the shoulder blades and vertebrae. Yellow bone marrow is found in the hollow interior of the middle portion of bones. If there is ever a severe condition of blood loss; the body has the ability to convert the yellow back to red bone marrow to increase blood cell production.

There are a couple of different diseases involving one's bone marrow that anyone can develop. Diseases of the bone marrow can develop from an infection or a malignancy. A malignancy is also known as a cancer. One type of infection found to disease bone marrow is called tuberculosis. Tuberculosis leads to the decrease in production of blood cells and blood platelets. Cancer of the marrow in a human being is known as a leukemia. Other problems of the marrow are anemias, lymphomas and plasma cell disorders. To diagnose these diseases a doctor usually performs a bone marrow aspiration. This can also be known as a biopsy. The site of the aspiration is usually on the back of the hip bone. During the biopsy the doctors test the sample for different signs of cancer or any other infection of the bone marrow.

One treatment for leukemia is a transplant. This can be done if a donor matches a leukemia patient. Once the bone marrow from the donor is inserted into the body of the patient, if the match is successful, the newly infused cells will help with the production of blood cells. A transplant is usually only used when the situation is extremely severe for a leukemia patient. Some leukemia cases can be treated with chemotherapy and radiation techniques.

Marrow dot org is the website for bone marrow donors. If you wish to become a donor or learn more about donating your bone marrow to a foundation to help leukemia patients you should give this website a look. If you aren't looking to donate you can make a financial donation to the foundation to keep it up and running.

Bone marrow diseases and leukemia cannot be prevented. They are treatable but not preventable. They can be caused by the lack of blood cell production or the overproduction of one type of blood cell over the other.




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Addicts and Children





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Types, Symptoms and Diagnosis of Blood Disorders


It's really hard to ignore the role blood plays in our body. It is one of the most important living tissues made up of liquids and solids. While, the liquid part, primarily known as plasma, is made of water, salts and protein, the other half of your blood is plasma. Apart from this, the solid part of your blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Any malfunction of red blood or white blood cells can lead to various blood disorders. In fact, at times blood disorders can lead to poor blood clotting and continuous bleeding. The disorders can result from defects in the blood vessels or from abnormalities in the blood itself. Today there are various types of blood disorders that must not be ignored as each blood disease have its own complication and require proper clinical care. Here are some of most serious blood disorders and best diagnosis method that can help you in knowing and curing blood disorders:

Anemia- It is one of is the most common blood disorder that occurs when the ratio of red blood cells or concentration of hemoglobin gets reduced in the blood. Though at times anemia itself is considered as symptom of a disease rather than a disease itself, but there are few major symptoms that must not be ignored and need to taken care of, like increased heart rate (tachycardia), difficulty in catching a breath, tiring easily and frequently, yellowing of skin, eyes, and enlarged spleen or liver. It can be cured very easily. The sooner you get to know the better it may help you in curing it properly. The most common diagnostic procedures that you can follow are blood test and bone marrow aspiration and/or biopsy.

Hemolytic Anemia- Hemolytic anemia is another blood disorder in which the red blood cells are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can produce them. Basically, this type of disorder can be classified into two categories:

Intrinsic- In this type of blood disorder, the destruction of the red blood cells takes place because of the fault within the red blood cells themselves.

Extrinsic- In this type of disorder, though red blood cells are developed but later it get destroyed by getting trapped in the infection, spleen, or from drugs that can affect red blood cells.

The major symptoms of this type of blood disorder are weakness, intolerance of various physical activities and dark color of urine. Apart from this, it can be diagnosed through methods like blood test, urine test and bone marrow aspiration and/or biopsy.

Thalassemia - Thalassemia is an inherited disorder that majorly affects the production of normal hemoglobin that carries oxygen to the tissues in the body. Thalassemia includes a number of different forms of anemia. However, the seriousness of this blood disorder basically depends on the number of genes that are affected. This blood disease can be easily diagnosed by blood test. Though, thalassemias also get passed on from parents to children therefore family genetic studies can also help in proper diagnose of this disease. This generally involves taking records of a family medical history and performing blood tests on family members to find out whether there are any missing or altered hemoglobin genes.

Porphyria - It is another category of blood disorder that is primarily caused due to the abnormalities that in turn leads in the production of a chemical compound called Heme. Now Heme is an important substance that is majorly produced by the body and the bone marrow and blood is the most vital content that holds the Heme. Generally, this blood disease is not easy to diagnose, but yet it can be checked by conducting a number of tests of the blood, urine and the stool.

Hemophilia - This disorder also known as hemophilia is hereditary bleeding disorder that is majorly caused by a shortage of a substance necessary for blood clotting. The lack of ability of blood to clot, or coagulate, leading to excessive bleeding, even from slight injuries is the trademark of Hemophilia. Although the density of symptoms may differ with this disease, but the disease is typical for the bleeding and typically occurs if an infant is circumcised. It can be analyzed by performing a set of blood tests.

These are some of the major blood disorders. Though each of them has its own way of analyzing or diagnosing, but each can be cured easily. All you need to do is take care of its symptoms and follow suitable curing procedure.




Find more information about causes and treatment of various blood diseases and blood disorders at Peoples-Health.com. This is a leading and reliable online health information portal. Also get information about health nutrition guide & physical fitness tips visit Fuelthemind.com





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Neurological Conditions Are Evident In Multiple Myeloma


Should you be told you have multiple myeloma, you could be somewhat perplexed as to what it actually is or what types of treatment that you may have to undergo. Multiple myeloma is also known as plasma cell myeloma or more commonly known as Kahler's disease. This illness is a cancer of the plasma cells of the body.

Plasma cells are actually forms of white blood cells that are critical to producing antibodies. The physiology of this illness is when large quantities of abnormal cells collect within the bones of the body. Here they cause damage in the bone marrow. This major damage results in the interference of normal blood cell creation.

You can see several different signs and symptoms of multiple myeloma an individual can experience when they are affected by this disease. One of the symptoms include pain in the bones. The most frequent areas of this bone pain happens in the backbone and the ribs and may actually worsen with physical activity. Infection is also another sign of this disease. The most common kinds of infections include pneumonias and pyelonephritis.

Renal failure may also develop in the body to those suffering from this cancer. The renal failure can be acute or chronic. In most cases caused by the hypercalcemia or a deficiency or certain proteins. Another common symptom is anemia. Do not automatically panic if you discover you have anemia, because anemia can be because of many other complications within the body. Even so, anemia is also a symptom that is from this disease.

Some people will also suffer neurological complications like weakness, confusion, fatigue; and are caused by hyperglycemia, headaches, visual changes, radicular pain, loss of bowel and bladder control, carpal tunnel syndrome along with other neurological conditions.

There are often a range of tests conducted in order to diagnose someone with multiple myeloma. Among the first and basic tests are blood samples. Next a skeletal study will be done. The skeletal survey involves an x-ray series of the skull, axial skeleton, and proximal long bones. If lesions do not show up on the x-ray series than an MRI or CT scan could be ordered for more detection of lesions within the bones.

Also with these tests a bone marrow biopsy is generally carried out in order to get an idea for the percentage of bone marrow populated by plasma cells. The ratio of the bone populated by plasma cells is analyzed in the diagnostic criteria for myeloma.

The therapy for multiple myeloma is concentrated on the containment of the disease as well as suppression. Treatment may actually be deferred if the cancer entirely asymptomatic in the individual. According to the individual's age, chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation are very used therapy for this type of illness.




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2012年8月29日 星期三

Bone Cancer - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis


Bone cancer is rare and accounts for less than 1% of all new tumors. Not all bone tumors are fatal in fact benign (non cancerous) abnormalities are more common than malignant ones. Most are secondary and have been spread from another site. Primary bone cancer which starts in the bone is quite rare constituting less than one per cent of all malignant tumors. They are more common in males, especially in children and adolescents. The most common type of primary cancer is osteosarcoma. This type of carcinoma usually affects young adults. It can affect any bone, but the arms, legs and pelvis are more commonly affected. Other less common forms of primary bone cancer include Ewing sarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma and chondrosarcoma.

Primary Bone Cancer

The causes of primary bone tumours are not known; however, adults who have Pagets disease (a bone disease) may have an increased risk.

Secondary bone cancer

Secondary bone cancer is the most common bone cancer. It is a carcinoma that starts somewhere else in the body and spreads (metastasises) to the bone. The most common cancers that spread to the bone originate in the breast, prostate, lung, kidney and thyroid.

Reticulum cell sarcoma of the bone

A cancerous tumor of the bone marrow presenting in more males than females.

Leukaemia

Cancer of the blood, which starts in the bone marrow

Symptoms of bore cancer

Symptoms tend to develop slowly and depend on the type, location, and size of the tumor. The signs and symptoms of bone carcinoma include: painful bones and joints, swelling of bones and joints, problems with movement, susceptibility to fractures. Less common symptoms include: unexplained weight loss, tiredness, fever and sweating.

Remember this conditionr is very rare so if you have any of these symptoms it is likely to be caused by another condition. Always see your doctor if you have for a diagnosis.

Causes

Although bone cancer does not have a clearly defined cause, researchers have identified several factors that increase the likelihood of developing these tumors. A small number of bone cancers are due to heredity.

Diagnosis

Bone cancer can present itself in any of the bones of the body, but it is diagnosed most often in the long bones of the arms and legs.

Diagnosing bone cancer involves a number of tests, including: X-rays and bone scans to show the exact location and size of the cancer (these are always done prior to biopsy), bone biopsy where a small sample of the cancer is removed from the bone and examined in the laboratory for the presence of malignant cells, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan similar to a CT scan but uses magnetism instead of x-rays to build three-dimensional pictures of your body.

Treatment

The treatment and prognosis depends upon multiple factors including the type and extent of the cancer, the patient's age and overall health status. Tumors may be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

Primary bone cancers:

The tumor, surrounding bone tissue and nearby lymph nodes are surgically removed. In severe cases, the affected limb may need to be amputated, but this is rare. Treatment may also include radiotherapy (x-rays to target and kill the cancer cells) and chemotherapy (anti-cancer drugs). These may be given before surgery, to shrink the cancer and/or afterward to destroy any remaining cancer cells.

Secondary bone cancer:

Treatment depends on the treatment for the original tumor, but usually includes chemotherapy, radiotherapy or hormone therapy. Surgery may be needed to strengthen the affected bone.

Prognosis

Overall, the chance of recovery (prognosis) for bone cancers has improved significantly since the development of modern chemotherapy. The chance of recovery will depend on a variety of influences; if the cancer has spread, the type of cancer, the size of the tumour, location, the person's general health and other individual factors.

If the tumor is very small and localized, the five-year survival rate is close to 90 percent. If the cancer has begun to spread, however, survival becomes more difficult. The five-year survival rate is only about 60 percent, and the prognosis is poor once the cancer spreads.

Bone cancer in cats and dogs

Bone carcinoma in dogs and cats can be a challenging disorder. Osteosarcoma is by far the most common bone tumour if dogs, usually striking the leg bones of larger breeds. Chemotherapy significantly prolongs the survival of animals with osteosarcoma when used in conjunction with surgery. For dogs Cisplatin alone or in combination with doxorubicin markedly improves survival time to a median of 8-10 months with the percentage of dogs alive after11 months at 50%.

Feline Osteosarcoma unlike its canine counterpart it has a much lower rate of metastasis and longer term survival can be expected with complete excision. Median survival for cats with osteosarcoma is approximately 2 years with many cats outreaching that.




Dick Aronson has a background of over 35 years in various facets of the Healthcare industry. He set up and ran clinical trials in more than 20 countries and he has also founded a number of small private health related businesses. Dick now runs a number of informative health websites Go to http://www.life-wave-patches.com and http://www.healthinnovationsonline.com





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Lymphoma In Dogs - The Stage Of The Disease Is Important To Treatment And Prognosis


There are many types of cancer with many possible causes, and there are important genetic factors as well. With lymphoma in dogs, a biopsy of affected lymph nodes or organs confirms the diagnosis. A needle aspiration of an affected lymph node may also be necessary. X-rays, ultrasound, blood analysis, and bone marrow biopsy can reveal other locations of the cancer. The stage of the disease is important to treatment and prognosis.

Lymphoma in dogs starts with one or a small group of cells that have "gone wrong". There is no way to verify cause. It is best to concentrate on treatment. Focus on a realistic outcome which is longest possible survival with good quality life. If lymphoma in dogs is diagnosed early, immune modulation usually assures the greatest chance of remission, and the best chance the cancer does not reoccur. About 50% of dogs with lymphoma can be put into remission; untreated, average life expectancy is about 2 months from the time of diagnosis.

Ask your veterinarian for a referral.

If your dog could speak, it would tell you of the hope that you will open your mind to what decades of research and clinical experience has taught us about chemotherapy. It is crucial to work with a veterinarian oncologist to achieve maximum effectiveness in your canine's treatment! Treatment for dogs with lymphoma is a combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, L-asparaginase, doxorubicin, and diet. Other chemotherapy drugs such as chlorambucil, lomustine, cytosine arabinoside, and mitoxantrone are sometimes used. With chemotherapy for lymphoma, nausea or infections are possibilities but most dogs do not experience any such complications. Only 7% of patients require hospitalization due to side effects. The bottom line here is to know that dogs rarely get sick from chemotherapy. The information on this is changing daily so allow a specialist to present you with all the options.

Many experts believe diet is the main reason for lymphoma in dogs.

Many dogs are fed a diet that is based mostly around grain. However, none of the dog family feeds on grains in the wild -- not wolves, coyotes, dingos, or hyenas, none of them. Dogs do not have the necessary enzymes to digest or utilize grain in their diet. They are basically carnivores. When you feed a carnivore a diet based on grain, they will develop various immune dysfunctions, including cancer.

Diet is an important part in treating a dog with lymphoma. In fact, dogs rarely die of cancer. They usually succumb to secondary liver or kidney failure. These are cancer side effects that can usually be avoided by controlling the diet. Fish oil and the amino acid arginine, when added to the diet, help produce higher blood levels of two fatty acids called C20:5 and C22:6 in dogs with lymphoma. These two fatty acids seem particularly effective in fighting the disease, increasing survival time, increasing remission periods, and increasing period of time before disease reoccurred.

Just because the food is expensive, do not assume it is good.

Add canned sardines (excellent source), cottage cheese, eggs and just about any kind of meat such as hamburger or ground turkey. High fat content is good. Some veterinarians advocate a raw diet, while some say it should be cooked. More important than cooked or raw is the amount of animal-based protein and fats. Make sure the first ingredient is meat. If the first ingredient is corn meal, rice, or wheat, choose another brand.

Dogs with lymphoma are easily treated but, as with humans, their cancer tends to return. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, like those found in fish oil, may help prevent the growth and spread of cancer tumors, and may help prevent weight loss and muscle wasting. Arginine supplements have been reported to improve immune responses, and might help the body fight cancer.

The information provided here is not intended to substitute for the advice of a professional. Discuss all forms of treatment with your veterinarian.




We have existed as a company since 1985, but it was a love of dogs, the dogs that have been a part of our life, and the passing of one dog in particular, Rusty, that inspired the creation of http://www.CalloftheDog.com and http://www.CalloftheDogShop.com created to provide the things your dogs and pets need. Visit us for great information and quality dog supplies! Be sure to see our About Us page as well.

The two sites are dedicated to the dogs we have loved so deeply, and who have given us so much love in return. Purebreds and mixed breeds, but mostly rescues in need of a home. We educated them, but each one has had something to teach us in exchange.





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Pancytopenia - What is This Condition?


In a patient with pancytopenia, there is a shortage of certain kinds of blood cells. These include platelets, and red and white blood cells. In contrast, there are other conditions in which only one of these deficiencies is present. For instance, leukopenia is a low white blood cell count, while in anemia there is a reduction simply in red ones, and thrombocytopenia is a medical condition involving a lower count of platelets.

Different medical signs and symptoms can be present in a case of pancytopenia. Some are in the area of easy bleeding, including that under the skin, such as: bruising easily, nose bleeds, petechiae, and others. Some pancytopenic patients may have issues such as shortness of breath (also known as dyspnea), a rapid heart rate, and general weakness. Pallor, headaches, and frequent infections are also possibilities. Additionally, symptoms of the aforementioned conditions involving lowered counts of one particular type of blood cells -- such as anemia for red blood cells -- can also occur.

Pancytopenia can be caused by different issues. Some are infections or diseases, such as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus). Medications and treatments can also cause this, for instance, it can occur in rare cases due to taking antibiotics or blood pressure medications, and is a possible side effect of having chemotherapy. Deficiencies in certain areas, like vitamin B12 and folate, can also lead to pancytopenia.

Undergoing a bone marrow biopsy is a common method of diagnosis to be used in order to detect whether pancytopenia is in fact the condition that a patient is in.




You can read more about pancytopenia such as additional symptoms and causes, and more. Head to Pancytopenia.net for further information.





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2012年8月28日 星期二

Stages and Procedures Regarding AIDS-related Lymphoma


AIDS-related lymphoma can be diagnosed by performing a serie of tests known as staging too. Much more, by doing these tests the patient can find out if cancer cells have spread within the body, affecting other organs as well. It is important to know that the tests may easily confirm the stage of the disease and in this way the physician can prescriebe the appropriate treatment. Moreover, AIDS-related lymphoma is usually diagnosed when the illness is already advanced.

To begin with, a first common procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body is called PET scan (positron emission tomography scan). Firstly, this procedure involves the injection of radionuclide glucose into the vein in order to show in a picture made by the PET scanner where the glucose is being used in the body. So, by scanning the body, the malign tumor cells become brighter because they are more active and take up more sugar than other healthy cells.

Secondly, another well known procedure is CT scan also called computed tomography or computerisez axial tomography. CT scan is a procedure that makes a serie of pictures of the areas inside the body, showing a clear image of the organs and tissues. Moreover, a common procedure is Bone marrow biopsy which includes the removing of a small piece of bone marrow and bone from the hipbone or breatsbone in order to be examined under a microscope.

Furthermore, stages of AIDS-related lymphoma may include E which means that the cancer is found in an area or organ other than the lymph nodes or has spread to tissues beyond and S stands for spleen and means the cancer affected the spleen. In addition to this there are 4 stages which are used for AIDS-related that indicate the place where the cancer can be found, lymph nodes, organs other than the lymph nodes, near the diaphragm or spleen.

It is considered that people who suffer from Epstein-Barr virus or whose AIDS-related lymphona usually affects the bone marrow and in some cases may lead to complications, such as the spreading of cancer to the central nervous system.(CNS). Much more, CNS lymphoma which starts in other parts of the body is not considered primary as the CNS lymphoma that starts in the brain and spinal cord.




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Could Fish Oil Potentially Cure Leukemia?


The results of a new study just published in the Journal Blood, has highlighted how a compound found in fish oil may in future be able to eradicate the blood cancer known as leukemia.

In laboratory experiments at Pennsylvania State University, researchers found that a component of Omega 3 known as Delta-12-J3 Prostaglandin or D12PGJ3 can selectively target the stem cells of chronic myelogenous leukemia or CML.

D12PGJ3 arises from Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), long chain fatty acid found abundantly in oily fish. It has now been shown in plenty of prior studies that Omega 3 fatty acids have important health benefits in helping to lower the risk of disease but this latest trial now opens up the incredible possibility that Omega 3 may be used in cancer therapy at some point.

"Research in the past on fatty acids has shown the health benefits of fatty acids on cardiovascular system and brain development, particularly in infants but we have shown that some metabolites of Omega-3 have the ability to selectively kill the leukemia-causing stem cells" said Sandeep Prabhu, author of the new study and associate professor of immunology and molecular toxicology in the Department of Veterinary and Medical Sciences

Prabhu also said that it's necessary to target the stem cells as they can divide and cause more cancer cells.

Current drugs used for CML can prolong a patient's life by keeping the number of leukemia cells in the blood down but they can't cure leukemia because they don't specifically target the leukemia stem cells explained Robert Paulson, Co author of the study and associate professor of veterinary and biomedical sciences.

"The patients must take the drugs continuously," said Paulson. "If they stop, the disease relapses because the leukemia stem cells are resistant to the drugs."

"These stem cells can hide from the treatment, and a small population of stem cells give rise to more leukemia cells," said Paulson.

"So, targeting the stem cells is essential if you want to cure leukemia."

CML is a relatively rare kind of cancer that results in too many white blood cells being produced. It is not a disease passed down through families and can occur in any individual at any age although it's more likely to affect middle aged and older people.

The Leukemia begins in the bone marrow in a cell called a stem cell. Stem cells produce new blood cells by making a copy of themselves and then dividing to make two new cells. In most cases of this disease, something goes drastically wrong during this process of cell division and genes that are normally in separate chromosomes get stuck together producing an abnormal cell. This gene mutation is called the Philadelphia chromosome. However, the existence of the Philadelphia Chromosome is not the only factor used to make a diagnosis of CML as it is often present in other types of leukemia.

Tests performed to diagnose CML include a full blood count and platelet count, a bone marrow biopsy, identification of the Philadelphia chromosome, and physical examination to detect if the spleen is swollen.

Exposure to radiation can increase the risk of developing CML although in most incidences of leukemia the precise cause is not apparent.

There are three phases of CML. The first phase is called the chronic phase and this stage develops slowly over many years. During this period there may be no symptoms. The second phase is the accelerated phase and during this stage there may be pain in the left side under the ribcage, mild fever and bone pain. The end phase is called the blast crisis and this is the terminal stage.

If the disease is caught soon enough then there are drugs available which can stop the progress of the disease but the only cure is a bone marrow transplant. Many people are diagnosed during the last stage. During this phase there is nothing that can be done.

The scientists in this latest study are now working to find out if the compound found in fish oil can be used to treat the blast crisis stage of this kind of Leukaemia. They have also applied for a patent and intend to test the fish oil compound in human studies next.




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Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia - A Very Scarce Disease


Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia is a cancer that is named for Jan Waldenstrom, the Scandinavian Doctor who first discovered and learnt about the disease in the early 1940's. The type of cancer is non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and it is a very rare disease with some papers stating numbers of between 1000 & 1600 diagnosed cases of Waldenstrom's occurring in America every year.

what causes Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia like many other cancers is unknown although it is believed that a change in DNA could be a cause. In spite of this lack of certainty on the causes of Waldenstrom's there are thought to be factors which increase the likelihood of developing the disease. the majority of cases of waldenstroms macroglobulinemia occur in those over the age of 50 and the average age of occurrence is 61. Incidence of the disease is almost twice as much in men than women. The condition is also inherited which means that those with family who have Waldenstrom's or a type of lymphatic cancer are more likely to contract the condition.

An first diagnosis of Waldenstrom's is complex because there is usually an absence of symptoms early on. Usually the first indication of Waldenstrom's comes from routine examinations showing atypical results. These irregular results could be a high level of Igm within the blood stream or hyper viscosity which is another indication of the illness. Diagnosis could also be made if swollen lymph nodes are found. This is the same as if a Bigger than usual Spleen or liver is discovered. A bone marrow biopsy can also be used to diagnose Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia.

Waldenstrom's forecast is very diverse between victims. Because the disease is very unfrequent there has not been a huge amount of research to estimate the correct survival rates of victims with the ailment. The International Prognostic Scoring System for Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia aims to assess the long term impact of Waldenstrom's. Five to nine years is the generally accepted survival period of those that have been diagnosed with Waldenstrom's although owing to that there are very few initial symptoms, some sufferers can live with the disease for a number of years before getting diagnosed.

The sign of illness or problem of Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia start in the white blood cells. They cause these blood cells to become abnormal and they enlarge within the organs or bone marrow like the spleen/liver. These abnormal white blood cells compound and therefore reduce the amount of other blood cells such as the red blood cells. When people have a low level of red blood cells they suffer from anaemia which causes them to feel drained and weak. Waldenstrom's also reduces the amount of healthy white blood cells which reduces the bodies ability to fight off flu, germs and other infection. These symptoms are often not seen in the early stages of Waldenstrom's with most symptoms not becoming apparent until the illness is reasonably advanced.

In the advanced stages of the illness, symptoms are varied between sufferers. A lot of the symptoms are the same as those of other non-Hodgkin lymphomas which include, swollen lymph nodes, fever, tiredness and weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, fevers, fatigue and weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, fevers, tiredness and loss of weight and swollen lymph nodes, fevers, fatigue and weight loss, tiredness, weight loss and enlarged lymph nodes, fevers, tiredness and weight loss lymph nodes lymph nodes.

Another symptom is hyper-viscosity or clotting of the blood which occurs because Waldenstrom's causes an overproduction of Igm. This thickening of the blood causes issues with both circulation and the nervous system. If circulation to the brain is affected which may cause symptoms similar to a stroke. Circulation problems can also lead to Raynaud's phenomenon which causes a tightening of blood vessels which delays the movement of blood throughout the body. This can cause circulation to the extremities of the human being, the hands and feet, to get cut off.

For more advice on this rare disease please click one of the links below or in 'about the author.'




For more information on Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia or for cures, prognosis, diagnosis and other details on treatment for Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia, click the links in this sentence.





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2012年8月27日 星期一

Aplastic Anemia Incidence


The term aplastic (or hypoplastic) in aplastic anemia means empty, meaning the disease is developed when the bone marrow contains nothing or has very few blood cells. Each year, the incidence of aplastic anemia is 2 to 4 million cases, which typically occurs in three different life phases:


2 to 5 years
20 to 25 years.
55 to 60 years
When the bone marrow is damaged, its production of healthy cells become erratic. The result will be lower count of all blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The irregular functioning or failure of the bone marrow will eventually lead to aplastic anemia.

Common causes of aplastic anemia include:


Autoimmune disorders - hereditary and acquired immune disorders
Drugs - chloramphenicol, felbamate, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenylbutazone, and quinine
Radiation
Benzene and other toxic chemicals
Acquired cases - destruction of stem cells due to medications and infections
Inherited cases - Fanconi Anemia, Schwachman-Diamond Syndrome, and Dyskeratosis Congenital
Pregnancy
In 1888, the idea of aplastic anemia was first introduced after studies on the case of a pregnant woman died of bone marrow failure. The disorder was named as such in 1904.

In more than half of the cases, the exact reasons and causes of the aplastic anemia incidence remain unknown to doctors even after diagnosis. The disease is rare but serious. A definitive diagnosis is typically performed through biopsy of the bone marrow. The biopsy test includes:


CBC - with platelets and smear
Drug screen
Viral serologies
Serum folate
B12

Common symptoms are caused by the following conditions:


Low platelet count - bruising, petechiae, and hemorrhage
Low count of white blood cells - severe infections
Low count of red blood cells - malaise and pallor

Common treatment options include:


For mild to moderate cases - prescription medication (suppressants for the immune system); blood transfusions
For severe cases -Through advanced medical technology, bone marrow transplants are made possible but rather difficult. The main obstacle is finding a suitable bone marrow donor. Researches show, a matched sibling donor transplant has a cure rate of 60 to 70 percent.




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Information About Bone Cancer


Bone cancer, it is a malignant tumor that affects the skeletal system of the body. Some cases of bone cancer are mostly caused by malignant tumors that are directly caused in the bones. These tumors are malignant primary. In contrast, malignant tumors metastasized elsewhere occur in the body, and then penetrate into the bones, usually in the blood or lymphatic system. Malignant tumors are including osteosarcoma bone, cartilage cell chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma and malignant fibrous elements support fibrohistiocytomas and lymphomas and Ewing's sarcoma of the bone marrow. Even though all of bones are susceptible to be infected by cancer, the regions around the knees are easier to be infected by this cancer Malignant tumors are most common primary bone osteosarcoma, which are slightly more common in men than in women.

The classic symptom of osteosarcoma is a mass more slowly. Although it is painful to touch, the tumor itself is usually marked by a dull discomfort is during the night. As the tumor grows slowly, cancer often progresses very far before it is diagnosed.

The diagnosis can be achieved by various means. X-ray examination showed a structural change over the end of the bone and often abnormal bone formation in the tumor mass. Bone scintigraphy, a process that assesses the uptake of radioactive material injected into the bone, would be positive, shows active bone formation. In addition, computed tomography show the enlargement of the outside or cortex, the bone with a soft-tissue mass outside the bone. Finally, people who are infected by this type of cancer can be diagnosed by using X-ray examination procedures to identify the use of dyes for the affected arteries to determine the extent of the tumor. In osteosarcomas ultimately transferred from blood into the lungs, the chest x-ray for the detection of metastases is essential.

The most important diagnostic test is the biopsy in which the tissue is taken for analysis. When the bone cancer exists, the microscopic examination of tissue showed abnormal cells produce bone mineralization.

The program for the treatment of bone cancer is generally based on the knowledge that over 80 percent of patients have secondary tumors in other parts of the body at the time of diagnosis. In addition, affect bone metastases cause pain and can lead to a whole body structural weakness that caused bone fractures. Tumor control in the whole body is also important that local control. Bone metastases often respond to radiotherapy. Most cancer centers are also receiving chemotherapy, the small blood-borne metastasis, when surgery is performed to destroy locally. Local tumors by amputation of the upper member of the tumor or removal of the tumor area preserving intact part are rooted out. The preservation of the branch is only possible when the tumor is detected before it has attacked the nerves and blood vessels surrounding.




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Iron Deficiency - Anemia


Etiology:

Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common form of anemia. Although in many developing countries dietary deficiency of metal can occur, in developed nations the primary trigger is reduction of iron, nearly usually through blood reduction in the GI or genitourinary tracts.

Due to recurrent menstrual blood reduction, premenopausal women represent the population with the highest incidence of metal deficiency. The incidence in this group is even greater due to metal losses throughout pregnancy, simply because the building fetus efficiently extracts maternal metal for use in its personal hematopoiesis.

In men or in postmenopausal ladies with iron deficiency, GI bleeding is usually the trigger. Blood reduction in this case may be because of to relatively benign problems, this kind of as peptic ulcer, arteriovenous malformations, or angiodysplasia (little vascular abnormalities along the intestinal walls). More severe causes are inflammatory bowel disease or malignancy.

Endoscopic investigation to exclude malignancy is mandatory in sufferers without a known cause of metal deficiency. You will find other less common causes of metal deficiency, but nearly all are related to blood reduction: Bleeding problems, hemoptysis, and hemoglobinuria are the chief possibilities.

Pathogenesis:

Body iron stores are usually sufficient to last a number of years, but there's a constant reduction of iron in totally wholesome persons, such that iron balance depends upon sufficient intake and absorption. Dietary metal is primarily absorbed within the duodenum.

Absorption is increased in the setting of anemia, hypoxia, and systemic metal deficiency. Iron can also be recycled from senescent erythrocytes via macrophage phagocytosis and lysis. The export of iron to plasma from these cellular sites is regulated by hepcidin, a 25-amino acid peptide created through the liver. Hepcidin binds to ferroportin, a transmembrane protein, inducing its internalization and lysosomal degradation.

When iron stores are low, hepcidin manufacturing is decreased and ferroportin molecules are expressed on the basolateral membrane of enterocytes, where they transfer iron in the cytoplasm of enterocytes to plasma transferrin.

Conversely, when metal stores are adequate or increased, hepcidin manufacturing is elevated, resulting within the internalization of ferroportin and reduced export of metal into plasma. In inflammatory states, hepcidin manufacturing is elevated, leading to the internalization of ferroportin on macrophages and also the trapping of recycled metal within macrophage shops.

Iron is stored in most physique cells as ferritin, a mixture of metal and also the protein apoferritin. It can also be saved as hemosiderin, that is ferritin partly stripped from the apoferritin protein shell. Iron is transported in blood bound to its carrier protein transferrin. Simply because of the complex interactions in between these molecules, a easy measurement of serum iron rarely reflects body iron stores (see later discussion).

Iron is discovered predominantly in hemoglobin and is existing also in myoglobin, the oxygen-storing protein of skeletal muscle. The main role for iron is as the ion within the center of the body's oxygen-carrying molecule, heme. Held stably within the ferrous form through the other atoms in heme, iron reversibly binds oxygen.

Each protein subunit of hemoglobin consists of 1 heme molecule; simply because hemoglobin exists as a tetramer, four iron molecules are needed in each hemoglobin unit. When there's iron deficiency, the final action in heme synthesis is interrupted. In this action, ferrous metal is inserted into protoporphyrin IX through the enzyme ferrochelatase; when heme synthesis is interrupted, there is inadequate heme production.

Globin biosynthesis is inhibited by heme deficiency via a heme-regulated translational inhibitor (HRI). Increased HRI activity (a result of heme deficiency) inhibits a crucial transcription initiation factor for heme synthesis, eIF2. Thus, much less heme and fewer globin chains are available in every red cell precursor. This immediately causes anemia, a decrease within the hemoglobin concentration of the blood.

As noted, heme is also the oxygen acceptor in myoglobin; therefore, metal deficiency will also lead to reduced myoglobin production. Other proteins also are dependent on iron; most of these are enzymes. Many use metal within the heme molecule, but some use elemental metal. Even though the precise implications of metal deficiency on their activity isn't recognized, these enzymes are essential to metabolism, power manufacturing, DNA synthesis, as well as brain function.

Pathology:

As metal shops are depleted, the peripheral blood smear pattern evolves. In early iron deficiency, the hemoglobin degree from the blood falls but individual erythrocytes appear typical. In response to a falling oxygen degree, erythropoietin amounts rise and stimulate the marrow, but the hemoglobin level can't rise in response because of the metal deficiency.

Other hormones are presumably also stimulated, however, and the resulting "revved-up" marrow usually causes an increased blood vessels platelet count. An increased white cell count is less typical. Reticulocytes are notably absent. At some point, the hemoglobin concentration of person tissue falls, leading to the classic picture of microcytic, hypochromic erythrocytes.

This is most generally found as an abnormally low MCV of red tissue on the automated hemogram. There is also substantial anisocytosis and poikilocytosis, observed on the peripheral smear, and target tissue may be seen. The target shape occurs simply because there's a relative excess of red cell membrane in comparison using the amount of hemoglobin inside the cell, so that the membrane bunches up within the middle. Laboratory results are often confusing.

A low serum ferritin degree is diagnostic of metal deficiency, but even in obvious instances, amounts could be typical; ferritin amounts rise in acute or chronic inflammation or substantial illnesses, which can themselves be the cause of metal (blood vessels) loss.

Serum iron levels fall in many illnesses, and amounts of its serum carrier, transferrin, fluctuate as nicely, so neither of them is really a consistent indicator of metal deficiency, nor is their ratio, the transferrin saturation. If ferritin levels aren't diagnostic, clinical practice now focuses on measuring soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) within the serum.

Transferrin receptors (TfRs) are membrane glycoproteins that facilitate metal transport from plasma transferrin into body tissue. Erythroid precursors increase their expression of membrane TfR in the setting of metal deficiency but not anemia of chronic disease. Some membrane TfR is released into the serum as sTfR. The quantity of sTfR within the serum reflects the amount of membrane TfR.

A higher ratio of sTfR to ferritin predicts iron deficiency when ferritin isn't diagnostically reduced. Other than observing a hematologic response to empiric iron supplementation, bone marrow biopsy can be utilized to confirm a diagnosis of metal deficiency. Iron is usually discovered in the macrophages from the marrow, where it supplies erythrocyte precursors;

intracellular hemosiderin is very easily visualized with Prussian blue stain. These macrophages don't stain whatsoever if there is metal deficiency.

Clinical Manifestations:

All anemias lead to traditional signs or symptoms of reduced oxygen-carrying capability (ie, exhaustion, weakness, and shortness of breath, particularly dyspnea on exertion), and metal deficiency is no exception. Decreased oxygen-carrying capability leads to reduced oxygen delivery to metabolically active tissues, which nonetheless should have oxygen; this leads immediately to fatigue.

The compensatory mechanisms from the body lead to extra symptoms and signs of anemia. Some sufferers appear pale not just simply because there is much less hemoglobin per unit of blood vessels (oxygenated hemoglobin is red and gives color to the skin) but additionally because superficial skin blood vessels constrict, diverting blood vessels to more vital structures.

Sufferers might also respond to the anemia with tachycardia. This increased cardiac output is appropriate simply because one way to improve oxygen delivery towards the tissues would be to improve the number of times every hemoglobin molecule is oxygenated within the lungs every hour.

This tachycardia might cause benign cardiac murmurs due to the elevated blood flow. Abnormalities from the GI tract happen because metal can also be required for proliferating tissue. Glossitis, where the normal tongue papillae are absent, can happen, as can gastric atrophy with achlorhydria (absence of stomach acid). The achlorhydria might compound the iron deficiency simply because metal is greatest absorbed in an acidic surroundings, but this complication is very unusual.

In kids, there might be substantial developmental problems, both physical and mental. Iron-deficient children, mostly in building regions, perform poorly on tests of cognition in comparison with iron-replete kids. Metal therapy can reverse these findings if started early sufficient in childhood. The precise mechanism of cognitive loss in iron deficiency isn't recognized.

Another unexplained but often observed phenomenon in severe metal deficiency is pica, a craving for nonnutritive substances this kind of as clay or dirt. Numerous sufferers have no particular signs or symptoms or findings whatsoever, and their metal deficiency is discovered due to anemia noted on the blood vessels count obtained for another objective.

It is of interest that mild anemias (hemoglobins of 11-12 g/dL) might be tolerated very nicely simply because they develop slowly. Additionally towards the physiologic compensatory mechanisms discussed previously (elevated cardiac output, diversion of blood flow from much less metabolically active places), there is a biochemical adaptation as well.

The capability to transfer oxygen from hemoglobin to cells is partly dependent on a small molecule in erythrocytes called 2,3-biphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG). In higher concentrations, the ability to unload air in the tissues is elevated. Chronic anemia leads to elevated 2,3-BPG concentrations in erythrocytes. Other patients who do not existing with signs or symptoms immediately associated towards the anemia existing instead with symptoms or signs associated immediately to blood vessels reduction.

Simply because the most typical website of unexpected (nonmenstrual) blood reduction may be the GI tract, sufferers often have visible changes in the stool. There may be gross blood vessels (hematochezia), which is more typical with bleeding sites close to the rectum, or black, tarry, metabolized blood (melena) from more proximal sites. Significant blood loss from the urinary tract is really uncommon.




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Do I Have Cancer?


Article 3: LET'S LEARN THE CANCER LANGUAGE FIRST

There are over 100 different types of cancer. Each type of cancer can have different symptoms, diagnostic tests and treatment options. As a result, there are many terminologies and phrases that are used to describe the type, symptoms and diagnosis of cancer, and treatment methods. It is often very confusing as well as frustrating for the readers if too many medical jargons or terminologies are used in describing this condition. It is difficult for readers to understand the context of the topic or take any action, if required, after reading any article or book on cancers. As a result, the information is often misinterpreted or not fully understood or comprehended.

In this 3rd article of my cancer series, I would like to explain in very simple terms all phrases and terminologies used in describing a cancer. This will help readers in understanding the cancer terms, types of cancer, common diagnosis and treatment terminologies, and the health personnel involved in management of cancer. These are described in alphabetical order here.

Ablation: removal or destruction of body part or tissue. Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) therapy involves destroying cancer tissue with heat. RFA is commonly used in the treatment of lung, liver and kidney tumors.

Adenocarcinoma: cancer that begins from lining of internal organs or from skin

Adenoma: a non-cancer tumor that starts from glands

Adenopathy: swollen glands

Adjunct or adjunctive therapy: another treatment used together with primary treatment. For example, radiotherapy is sometimes given after surgery to treat cancer as adjunctive treatment.

Anal: of anus, anal cancer

Anorexia: an abnormal loss of appetite for food.

Asbestos: a group of minerals that are found in the form of tiny fibres. It is used as insulation against heat and fire in buildings. Asbestos dust when breathed into the lungs can lead to cancer of lungs and mesothelioma.

Asthenia: feeling or weakness or lack of energy. This is common in late stage cancer.

Astrocyte: this is a type of cell in the brain or spinal cord. Astrocytoma is a tumor that begins in astrocytes.

Asymptomatic: having no signs or symptoms of disease. Most cancers are asymptomatic in the early stages.

Axillary lymph node dissection: removal of lymph nodes in the axilla. This may be done in the treatment of breast cancer.

B-cell lymphoma: A type of cancer that forms in B cells.

Barrett esophagus: this is a condition where the cells lining the lower part of the esophagus have changed or been replaced by abnormal cells that could lead to cancer of the esophagus. The regurgitation of the contents of stomach into the esophagus over time can lead to Barrett esophagus.

Basal cells: they are small round cells found in the lower part of epidermis. The cancer that begins in the basal cells is called basal cell cancer or basal cell carcinoma.

Benign: not cancerous, also called non-malignant. Malignant tumor is a cancerous growth.For example, fibroadenoma is a benign tumor of breast whereas as adenocarcinoma is a malignant tumor of the breast.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: this is a non-cancerous condition of prostate where there is overgrowth of prostate tissue.

Biological therapy: this is a type of treatment that uses substances made from living organisms or its products to boost or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer. Examples of biological agents include vaccines, interleukins and monoclonal antibodies.

Biopsy: the removal of cells or tissues from the cancer or suspected cancer area for examination by a pathologist. This is the most sure way of diagnosing cancer.

Bone marrow ablation: This is a procedure that is used to destroy bone marrow using radiation or high doses of anticancer drugs. It is done before a bone marrow or blood stem cell transplant to kill cancer cells and bone marrow cells. This is a part of intensive treatment of some leukemias.

Bone marrow aspiration: this is a procedure in which a small sample of bone marrow is removed with a wide needle and syringe and sent to laboratory to check for cancer cells. If a small sample of bone with bone marrow inside it is removed, it is called bone marrow biopsy.

Bone marrow transplantation: A procedure that is used to replace bone marrow that has been destroyed by treatment with high doses of anticancer drugs or radiation.

Bone metastasis: cancer that has spread to bone from the original (primary) site.

Brachytherapy: it is also called internal radiotherapy. In this type of radiation therapy, radioactive materials sealed in needles, seeds, catheters or wires are placed directly into or near a tumor.

BRCA1 and BRCA2: these are genes on chromosomes 17 and 13 respectively. A person who is born with changes (mutations) in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes has higher risk of getting breast, ovaries and prostate cancer.

Breast reconstruction: a surgery that is done to rebuild the shape of the breast after removing breast.

Breast self-examination: a woman examines her breasts to check for lumps or other changes.

Bronchogenic carcinoma: cancer that begins in the tissue that lines or covers the airways of the lungs.

Cancer antigen 125 or CA-125: a substance that may be found in high amounts in the blood of patients with certain types of cancer, including ovarian cancer.

Cachexia: loss of muscle mass and body weight. Cachexia is seen in patients in late stage cancer.

Cancer: this is a condition where there is uncontrolled division of abnormal cells.

Carcinogen: any substance that causes cancer, for example, tobacco smoke contains more than 50 carcinogens. Benzene is a carcinogen for leukemias.

Carcinogenesis: it is a process whereby normal cells start changing into cancer cells.

Carcinoma: it is a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line the internal organs of the body. For example squamous cell carcinoma of skin or adenocarcinoma of gallbladder.

Carcinoma in situ: these are abnormal cells (not cancer) but can become cancer cells and spread. They are also said to be in stage 0 of cancer for example, cervical carcinoma in situ.

Carcinoma of unknown primary (cup): in this type of cancer, cancer cells are found in some parts of the body, but the place where the cancer cells first started to grow cannot be determined.

Cervical: of cervix, cervical cancer

Colostomy: colostomy is an operation that connects the colon to the outside of the body through the abdominal wall.

Cryosurgery: this is a procedure in which tissue is frozen to destroy abnormal cells. Liquid nitrogen or liquid carbon dioxide is used to freeze the tissues. It is also called cryotherapy or cryosurgical ablation.

Cyst: a sac in the body; cysts in the ovary are very common.

Cytotoxic drugs: drugs that kill cells.

Dilatation and curettage (D&C): this is a procedure where some tissues are removed from the lining of uterus or cervix. The cervix is first made larger (dilated) with a instrument called dilator and another instrument called cutrette is inserted into the uterus to remove the tissue. The removed tissue sample may be sent to laboratory to check for abnormal or cancer cells.

Debulking: this is the surgical removal of as much of a tumor as possible. This type of operation is usually done to relieve symptoms of cancer in the late stages of the disease.

Dermal: of skin

Duodenal: of duodenum, duodenal cancer

Dysplastic nevi: it is also called atypical moles and have a tendency to develop into melanoma.

Endometrial: of endometrium, endometrial cancer

Esophageal: of esophagus, esophageal cancer

Euthanasia: the intentional killing of a person to end his/her sufferings. It is also called mercy killing.

Excision: removal by surgery, for example, excision of melanoma from skin.

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP): this is an inherited condition in which many polyps form on the inside walls of the colon and rectum. FAP increases the risk of colorectal cancers.

Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome (FAMMM): this is an inherited condition that increases the risk of melanoma and pancreatic cancer.

Familial cancer: cancers that occur in families more often than in general population, for example, breast or colorectal cancer.

Fecal occult blood test (FOBT): this is a test to check for blood in the stool. This is a screening test for bowel cancer.

Fibroadenoma: this is a benign tumor of breast.

Fibroid: a benign tumor that arises from smooth muscle, for example, uterine fibroid.

First-degree relatives: this includes the parents, brothers, sisters, or children of an individual.

Fistula: an abnormal opening or passage between two organs or between an organ and the surface of the body.

Follow-up: monitoring a person's health condition over time after treatment.

Gardasil: this is a vaccine to prevent infections by human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18, 6 and 11. It is used to prevent cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancers caused by these viruses.

Gastrectomy: an operation to remove all or part of the stomach.

Gastric: of stomach, gastric cancer

Gastric feeding tube: a tube that is inserted through the nose, down the throat and esophagus, and into the stomach to give liquid foods, liquids and drugs. Feeding tubes are often inserted in patients who have mouth, throat, neck and esophageal cancers, particularly when the surgery is extensive or combined with radiotherapy or chemotherapy.

Gastrotomy or PEG tube: this type of tube is inserted directly into the stomach through an opening in the skin and abdominal wall. This type of tube can be used for long-term feeding.

Gene: genes are pieces of DNA and contain the information for making a specific protein that is passed from parent to offspring. Genetic means related to genes.

Genetic counselor: a health professional trained in counseling on the genetic risk of diseases. This may involve discussing the person's personal and family medical history and may lead to genetic testing.

Genetic testing: this is analyzing DNA to look for genetic change (mutation) that may indicate increased risk for cancer.

Genital warts: these are raised growths in the genital areas caused by human papilloma virus HPV) infection.

Germ cells: these are reproductive cells of the body and include egg cells in women and sperm cells in men. Tumors that arise from germ cells are called germ cell tumors.

Gleason score: this is a system of grading prostate cancer tissue based on how it looks under a microscope. Gleason scores range from 2 to 10 and indicate how likely it is that a tumor will spread. A low Gleason score means the cancer tissue is less likely to spread whereas a high Gleason score means the cancer tissue is more likely to spread.

Hematuria: blood in the urine.

Hemoptysis: coughing out blood from the respiratory tract.

Hemorrhoid: swollen blood vessel, usually seen in the anus or the rectum

Hepatic: of liver, hepatic cancer

Hepatoblastoma: it is a type of liver cancer more common in infants and children.

Hepatocellular carcinoma: this is the most common type of liver cancer.

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC): this is an inherited disorder in which the affected individuals have a higher-than-normal chance of developing colorectal cancer.

High intensity focused ultrasound: (HIFU): this is a procedure in which high-energy sound waves are aimed directly at the cancer or abnormal cells. These waves create heat and kill the abnormal or cancer cells. Some types of prostate cancers are treated with HIFU.

Histology: the study of cells and tissues under a microscope.

History: the signs and symptoms the patient may have for a particular disease

Hysterectomy: an operation where uterus and/or cervix are removed. When both uterus and the cervix are removed, it is called a total hysterectomy. When only the uterus is removed, it is called a partial hysterectomy.

Immunotherapy: a treatment that boosts body's immune system to fight cancer, for example, immunotherapy of bladder cancer with BCG vaccine.

Implant: a substance or object that is put in the body as prosthesis, for example, breast implant after removal of breast for cancer.

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT): this is a type of radiation therapy that uses computer-generated images to show the size and shape of the tumor and direct thin beams of radiation at the tumor from different angles. This type of radiation therapy reduces the damage to healthy tissue near the tumor.

In situ: means 'in its original place'. Carcinoma in situ means the abnormal cells are found only in the place they were first formed and have not spread nearby.

Incidence of cancer: the number of new cases of a cancer diagnosed each year.

Incision: a cut made in the body by a surgeon to perform surgery.

Induction therapy: this is the initial treatment given to reduce a cancer, for example, induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia.

Intrathecal chemotherapy: treatment in which anticancer drugs are injected into the fluid-filled space between the tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord.

Intravenous (IV) chemotherapy: treatment in which anticancer drugs are injected into a vein through a canula.

Labial: of lip

Laryngeal: of larynx, laryngeal cancer

Laser surgery: a surgical procedure that uses intense, narrow beams of light to cut and destroy cancer tissue.

Leukemia: a cancer that starts in blood forming tissues such as bone marrow.

Lymphedema: a condition where extra lymph fluid builds up in tissues and causes swelling. This can be seen in the arm after breast operations.

Malignant: means cancerous. Malignancy is the term used to describe malignant cells that invade and destroy tissues.

Mass: a lump. It can be benign mass or malignant mass.

Mastectomy: removal of breast.

Medical oncologist: a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating cancer using chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, biological therapy, and targeted therapy.

Mesothelioma: cancer arising from the mesothelial lining of the pleura (covering of lung)

Melanoma: the cancer that begins in melanocytes. Common site is the skin but can also occur in the eyes.

Metastasis: the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. The cancer that is formed by cells that have spread from original site is called metastatic cancer or metastatic tumor.

Mucosal: of mucosa, mucosal lining of vagina

Mutate: means 'to change'. Mutation means change in DNA of a cell.

Nasal: of nose, nasal polyp

Neoplasia: it is an abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth.

Neoplasm: it is an abnormal mass of tissue. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant (cancer).

Nodule: it is a growth or lump or mass that can be benign or malignant.

Oncogene: this is a changed or mutated gene and may cause growth of cancer cells.

Oncology: the study of cancer

Oncologist: a doctor who specializes in treating cancer.

Oral: of mouth, oral cancer

Ovarian: of ovary, ovarian cancer

Palliative therapy or treatment: this is the treatment given to relieve the symptoms and reduce the suffering of cancer patient. Palliative care aims to improve the quality of life of patients.

Pancreatic: of pancreas, pancreatic cancer

Pharyngeal: of pharynx, pharyngeal cancer

PAP test: this is a procedure in which cells are scraped from the cervix and examined under a microscope. This test is done to detect cancer or to detect changes in the cervix that may lead to cancer.

Partial: not whole, partly, for example, partial gastrectomy which means part of stomach is removed.

Penectomy: surgery to remove part or the entire penis

Penile: of penis, penile cancer

Plastic surgery: a surgical procedure that improves the appearance of body structures. The person who does plastic surgery is called plastic surgeon. Plastic surgeons are involved in many reconstruction surgeries of breast, vagina or face after cancer treatment.

Polyps: these are small growths that arise from mucous membrane of colon and rectum.

Precancerous (premalignant) is a condition that may become cancer later.

Proctoscopy: examination of the rectum using a proctoscope, inserted into the rectum.

Prognosis: the likely outcome of cancer. The prognosis of most cancers in advanced stage is poor.

Prophylactic surgery: this is a surgery to remove part of a body or organ with no signs of cancer but in an attempt to prevent development of cancer in that organ in future. For example, prophylactic mastectomy or prophylactic removal of ovaries are sometimes done.

Prostatic: of prostate, prostatic cancer

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA): this is a protein produced by prostate gland. The level of PSA in blood may be increased in men who have prostate cancer or enlarged prostate.

Pulmonary: of lung

Radiation oncologist: a doctor who specializes in using radiation to treat cancer.

Radiation physicist: a person who makes sure that the radiation machine delivers the right amount of radiation to the correct site in the body.

Radiation therapist: a health professional who gives radiation treatment.

Radiofrequency ablation: a procedure that uses radio waves to heat and destroy abnormal and cancer cells.

Recurrent cancer: cancer that has come back after treatment or after being undetectable for a period of time. The cancer is said to have recurred.

Refractory cancer or resistant cancer: cancer that does not respond to treatment.

Regimen: it is a treatment plan where the dosage, the schedule and the duration of treatment is specified.

Relative survival rate: it is an estimated number that compares the chances that a person with cancer will survive after the diagnosis or treatment of a cancer with those who do not have the cancer. It is usually calculated in terms of 2, 5 or 10 years. For example, the 5-year relative survival rate for colorectal cancer in America, if detected and treated early, is 90%.

Remission: this means disappearance of or decrease in signs and symptoms of cancer. A cancer is said to be in complete remission when there are no signs and symptoms of cancer; it is in partial remission if some signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared.

Renal: of kidney, renal cancer

Resection: removal of part or all of an organ.

Risk factor: a risk factor is something that increases the chance of developing a cancer. For example, smoking is a risk factor for many cancers.

Screening: checking for diseases when there are no symptoms of cancer. Examples of cancer screening tests include PAP tests, mammogram, and colonoscopy.

Sentinel lymph node: it is the first lymph node to which cancer is likely to spread from the primary tumor.

Staging of cancer: this is doing examinations and tests to find out the extent of cancer in the body and also whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Staging cancer helps to give best treatment to the patient.

Stem cell: a cell from which other types of cells develop. For example, red blood cells develop from blood-forming stem cells.

Stent: it is a device that is placed in a body structure to keep it open. For example, a stent may be inserted in the bile duct if it is blocked by cancer of gallbladder.

Stoma: this is an opening made surgically from an area inside the body to the outside. For example, colostomy has a stoma in the abdominal wall.

Surgical menopause: a woman stops to have menstrual period following removal of her ovaries. This is seen in operations on cancers of ovaries or uterus.

Surgical oncologist: a doctor who performs surgical procedures in cancer patients.

Systemic chemotherapy: treatment of cancer with chemotherapy drugs that travel through bloodstream and reach cells all over the body.

Targeted therapy: a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells.

Testicular: of testis, testicular cancer

Thermotherapy: treatment of disease using heat.

Topical treatment: medicines that are applied on the surface of the body, for example, Aldara cream is applied topically on the skin to treat basal cell cancer.

Ulcer: this is a break on the skin or in the lining of an organ. For example, an ulcer on the face may be a sign of basal cell carcinoma.

Urethral: of urethra, urethral discharge

Uterine: of uterus, uterine cancer

Urologic oncologist: a doctor who specializes in treating cancers of the urinary system.

Vaginal of vagina, vaginal cancer

Visceral: of the viscera, viscera mean internal organs. Visceral pain is pain coming

Vulval or vulvar: of vulva, vulval pr vulvar cancer

Wart: a raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organs.

Watchful waiting: This involves closely watching a patient's condition but not giving any active treatment. This is used in certain cancers like prostate or myeloma where the cancer progresses very slowly.

Wedge resection: this is a surgical procedure where a triangular piece of tissue is removed in order to treat a cancer.




If you would like to know more about cancer including signs, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, follow-up and other cancer-related issues like family tumors, sexuality, cancer in pregnancy, children and HIV patients, palliative care, psychological problems, and prevention and screening of tumors, please visit 'Do I Have Cancer? '. This 270 pages eBook provides a complete package of information on cancer that is guaranteed to give enough information on any issue related to malignant tumors. The next article in this series is 'Symptoms of Cancer'

Dr Naresh Parajuli
MBBS MIPH MM FRACGP





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2012年8月26日 星期日

Fibroid Hype is Usually Overrated


Fibroids are benign tumors in the uterine wall. Being obsessed with the diagnosis of fibroids especially if they have grown is making a mountain out of a mole hill. For the record . . . fibroids practically never become malignant! Twenty five to thirty percent of all women over thirty years of age have fibroids. Fibroids can grow from age thirty to age forty but that does not mean they will become problematic; or that a hysterectomy should be performed. Once a woman has completed menopause reduction in the level of estrogen will usually cause fibroids to shrink.

There are cases where women experience Menorrhagia which is heavy period bleeding. Abnormally heavy bleeding can lead to iron deficiency anemia. This condition can be determined by a blood test or bone marrow biopsy.

Large fibroid tumors may press on the bladder creating discomfort on nearby organs. Kidneys can be affected and damaged due to this pressure. Any abdominal pain, constant need to void or rectal pressure should be reported to a physician immediately. Treatments for fibroids are listed below:

#1. Ibuprofen

#2. Oral contraceptives

#3. Myomectomy - medical procedure that removes fibroids but leaves the uterus intact

#4. Medication to shrink tumors

#5. Endometrial Ablation (for women who are done with childbearing only) low-voltage is placed on the lining of the uterus in order to block its growth

Unless fibroids are associated with a tremendous amount of bleeding or are making a woman's life unbearable, the newest studies have shown it's best to avoid a hysterectomy and keep our uterus intact.




Maria Beck is a licensed fitness instructor and an author who has published multiple articles on fitness, spirituality, life changes, and other subjects revolving around centered and healthy lifestyles. If you have any questions about this article please go to
http://www.bodysenseridgefield.com





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